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I recently listened to the audiobook version of Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand and something caught my attention: all the torture.
Now, even the most rabid fans of Ayn Rand must acknowledge that she's a bit… repetitive in her writing. Aside from her philosophy which is given over and over, even her word choice is repetitive.
One word in particular caught my attention: torture. Ayn Rand loves to use 'torture' at every opportunity. Not the physical kind, but during moments of internal emotional trauma for her stone-faced protagonists. Here are a few examples:
Lillian saw nothing in his face; Dagny saw torture.
What he saw now in Francisco's eyes was the look of a quiet, tightly controlled, patiently borne torture.
She did not know what form of torture he was enduring, or what he saw being wrecked within him and kept himself the only one to see.
Then she saw his eyes move slowly from her face down the length of her body, and she knew the sort of torture he was now choosing to experience, because it was a glance of a nature he could not hide from her.
As they drank, as she stood, her eyes closed, feeling the liquid motion of the wine inside her throat, she knew that for all three of them this was the most tortured – and the most exultant – moment they had ever reached.
I saw what price he was paying for his brilliant ability, what torture he was enduring in silent bewilderment.
Sometimes she uses it twice in the same sentence:
But one form of torture remained, untouched by the years, the torture of the word "why?"
He did not look like a man bearing torture now, but like a man who sees that which makes the torture worth bearing.
The punishment she had wanted to inflict on him was the torture of shame; what she had inflicted was the torture of boredom.
And finally, going for a hat trick:
He knew that the rigid absence of emotion in Francisco's face was the strongest evidence of emotion, the evidence of some abnormal effort at control – he knew that this was torture and that he, Rearden, was driven blindly by a feeling which resembled a torturer's enjoyment, except that he was now unable to tell whether he was torturing Francisco or himself.
Wary that this might be confirmation bias I counted up the words and produced the word cloud above and the table below. Summing up all the variants of the word 'torture' yields 114 references making it the 544th most common word out of about 15,000 putting it the 96th percentile.
I'm not quite sure how to go about measuring 'repetitiveness' in books based on word count but, looking at the table below, I'd wager that Atlas Shrugged would score very, very high.
Frequency | Word |
---|---|
32,801 | the |
20,689 | of |
17,924 | to |
13,341 | a |
10,594 | you |
10,426 | it |
10,276 | and |
10,091 | that |
9,717 | he |
9,098 | I |
7,409 | in |
7,306 | she |
6,936 | was |
5,765 | had |
5,735 | his |
5,120 | not |
4,996 | her |
4,318 | for |
4,106 | as |
4,083 | but |
3,702 | at |
3,557 | is |
3,329 | they |
3,328 | on |
3,232 | what |
3,051 | no |
2,921 | him |
2,803 | with |
2,783 | if |
2,596 | said |
2,524 | be |
2,465 | have |
2,344 | were |
2,327 | an |
2,304 | who |
2,283 | your |
2,203 | by |
2,055 | we |
2,000 | me |
1,941 | do |
1,893 | there |
1,795 | one |
1,767 | them |
1,752 | know |
1,741 | all |
1,726 | when |
1,718 | this |
1,679 | from |
1,646 | would |
1,594 | did |
1,546 | or |
1,512 | their |
1,460 | man |
1,446 | rearden |
1,426 | any |
1,418 | are |
1,406 | like |
1,395 | my |
1,389 | which |
1,349 | could |
1,310 | only |
1,300 | can |
1,292 | will |
1,280 | taggart |
1,225 | been |
1,221 | about |
1,196 | then |
1,139 | re |
1,108 | thought |
1,099 | out |
1,076 | now |
1,041 | so |
1,020 | why |
994 | face |
987 | men |
922 | think |
904 | want |
903 | see |
881 | nothing |
860 | some |
846 | saw |
841 | mr |
838 | time |
836 | up |
834 | felt |
831 | into |
820 | never |
803 | voice |
785 | looked |
781 | own |
781 | knew |
762 | m |
738 | look |
735 | down |
724 | d |
712 | how |
710 | made |
708 | just |
694 | its |
690 | right |
687 | asked |
684 | first |
666 | people |
666 | because |
660 | us |
657 | eyes |
654 | through |
642 | mind |
616 | moment |
616 | let |
606 | than |
602 | dagny |
597 | yes |
594 | over |
594 | more |
594 | here |
594 | give |
592 | still |
588 | our |
585 | tell |
585 | long |
579 | way |
573 | those |
565 | back |
564 | going |
561 | against |
560 | has |
557 | world |
557 | galt |
555 | life |
548 | where |
540 | looking |
531 | make |
531 | get |
527 | every |
525 | too |
525 | francisco |
523 | say |
510 | answer |
505 | seemed |
503 | two |
500 | left |
492 | new |
491 | stood |
491 | dr |
490 | well |
484 | years |
465 | heard |
461 | work |
458 | without |
455 | last |
454 | take |
452 | other |
451 | come |
449 | go |
448 | wanted |
447 | room |
447 | oh |
447 | ever |
447 | am |
445 | metal |
436 | should |
435 | miss |
424 | such |
422 | line |
422 | away |
419 | won |
418 | head |
417 | anything |
416 | didn't |
414 | good |
414 | came |
406 | while |
405 | before |
404 | words |
400 | kind |
397 | few |
392 | once |
391 | much |
384 | being |
380 | got |
377 | went |
375 | matter |
374 | off |
367 | country |
365 | money |
361 | find |
361 | after |
359 | power |
358 | sound |
358 | mean |
357 | body |
356 | always |
355 | something |
355 | smile |
353 | stopped |
351 | reason |
346 | railroad |
343 | office |
342 | things |
341 | himself |
339 | feel |
337 | need |
336 | sat |
336 | day |
331 | name |
331 | jim |
330 | another |
322 | held |
320 | great |
319 | hand |
318 | under |
315 | even |
314 | turned |
312 | understand |
312 | answered |
310 | three |
308 | wish |
307 | open |
304 | order |
304 | across |
301 | door |
300 | whether |
300 | love |
299 | most |
295 | same |
293 | must |
293 | human |
290 | told |
289 | seen |
286 | night |
285 | past |
285 | feeling |
282 | able |
281 | help |
280 | steel |
279 | eddie |
277 | train |
277 | john |
275 | suddenly |
273 | purpose |
270 | half |
269 | around |
267 | light |
266 | nobody |
266 | means |
265 | ferris |
264 | sight |
264 | public |
264 | existence |
261 | others |
256 | place |
256 | job |
256 | ago |
255 | found |
252 | kept |
251 | tone |
250 | believe |
249 | yet |
248 | these |
247 | moral |
247 | ask |
245 | hear |
245 | glance |
244 | manner |
244 | little |
244 | hank |
243 | motor |
243 | live |
242 | knowledge |
240 | business |
239 | since |
237 | many |
236 | sudden |
236 | car |
235 | thing |
234 | within |
234 | earth |
233 | wouldn't |
232 | old |
230 | whatever |
230 | stadler |
230 | course |
229 | woman |
229 | keep |
228 | sense |
228 | question |
227 | transcontinental |
226 | does |
224 | value |
223 | known |
223 | evil |
222 | state |
222 | person |
222 | done |
222 | between |
222 | d'anconia |
221 | nature |
220 | self |
219 | pain |
219 | gave |
218 | smiled |
217 | thompson |
217 | slowly |
217 | run |
217 | chance |
215 | possible |
215 | given |
215 | except |
215 | best |
212 | effort |
212 | act |
211 | longer |
211 | everything |
210 | very |
210 | desk |
209 | single |
209 | care |
208 | walked |
208 | again |
206 | upon |
205 | part |
205 | haven |
204 | seeing |
204 | rest |
203 | glanced |
203 | fact |
202 | use |
202 | mouch |
200 | whom |
200 | track |
200 | small |
199 | lillian |
199 | behind |
198 | young |
198 | took |
198 | next |
198 | living |
197 | york |
197 | straight |
197 | else |
197 | city |
195 | hold |
194 | word |
194 | hands |
194 | end |
193 | reality |
192 | speak |
192 | days |
192 | among |
191 | nor |
190 | remained |
189 | year |
189 | sort |
189 | sky |
189 | moved |
189 | herself |
189 | beyond |
188 | above |
186 | whole |
186 | better |
185 | saying |
185 | gone |
184 | stand |
184 | almost |
182 | thinking |
182 | sure |
182 | stop |
182 | may |
182 | expect |
180 | window |
180 | full |
179 | feet |
179 | certain |
179 | anyone |
178 | mine |
178 | isn |
177 | doing |
177 | both |
176 | running |
176 | form |
176 | call |
175 | noticed |
174 | copper |
173 | james |
173 | desire |
172 | enough |
169 | tonight |
168 | leave |
167 | morning |
167 | air |
166 | put |
164 | trying |
163 | might |
163 | figure |
162 | silence |
162 | reach |
162 | mills |
162 | expected |
162 | closed |
161 | watching |
161 | mouth |
160 | factory |
159 | pleasure |
159 | moving |
159 | deal |
158 | whose |
158 | couldn't |
157 | values |
157 | move |
157 | fear |
157 | each |
156 | wondered |
156 | silent |
156 | rail |
156 | home |
155 | started |
154 | wesley |
154 | glass |
153 | yours |
153 | god |
152 | toward |
151 | neither |
151 | distance |
151 | boyle |
150 | table |
150 | friends |
149 | true |
149 | hope |
149 | empty |
148 | yourself |
148 | secret |
148 | colorado |
147 | waiting |
147 | side |
147 | lights |
147 | cut |
147 | called |
147 | arm |
146 | road |
145 | cried |
145 | added |
145 | accept |
144 | wyatt |
144 | white |
144 | house |
143 | together |
143 | meaning |
143 | doesn't |
143 | black |
142 | tried |
142 | code |
141 | wasn't |
141 | miles |
141 | learn |
141 | boy |
140 | meant |
140 | faces |
140 | emotion |
140 | darkness |
140 | choice |
140 | become |
139 | valley |
139 | sign |
139 | hour |
138 | plane |
137 | try |
137 | dark |
136 | trains |
136 | remember |
136 | knowing |
134 | washington |
134 | taken |
134 | free |
134 | force |
133 | used |
133 | reached |
133 | consciousness |
132 | wrong |
132 | steps |
131 | willers |
131 | pay |
131 | cannot |
131 | building |
131 | action |
130 | spoke |
130 | save |
129 | faint |
129 | damn |
128 | wished |
128 | terror |
128 | talk |
128 | engine |
127 | questions |
127 | needed |
127 | future |
127 | afraid |
126 | movement |
126 | months |
126 | hard |
126 | forward |
126 | evening |
125 | understood |
125 | raised |
125 | hair |
124 | station |
124 | making |
124 | hours |
124 | five |
124 | alone |
124 | ahead |
122 | until |
122 | lost |
122 | caught |
122 | arms |
121 | blue |
120 | ten |
120 | sacrifice |
120 | bridge |
120 | ability |
119 | windows |
119 | touch |
119 | space |
119 | smiling |
119 | real |
119 | radio |
119 | month |
119 | law |
119 | guilt |
119 | anger |
118 | motion |
117 | virtue |
117 | hell |
117 | distant |
116 | unable |
116 | start |
116 | rising |
116 | instant |
116 | clear |
116 | board |
115 | morality |
115 | laughed |
115 | guess |
115 | company |
114 | torture (and variants) |
114 | oil |
114 | mulligan |
114 | exist |
113 | wait |
113 | spread |
113 | spirit |
113 | sake |
113 | motive |
113 | fight |
113 | consider |
113 | age |
112 | special |
112 | philip |
112 | death |
111 | science |
111 | lay |
111 | danagger |
110 | wealth |
110 | though |
110 | struggle |
110 | red |
110 | everybody |
109 | quit |
109 | present |
109 | personal |
109 | ground |
109 | fire |
108 | times |
108 | seem |
108 | presence |
108 | comet |
107 | standing |
107 | quietly |
107 | physical |
107 | merely |
106 | somebody |
106 | impossible |
106 | giving |
106 | floor |
106 | cry |
106 | brought |
105 | truth |
105 | trouble |
105 | system |
105 | low |
104 | watched |
104 | rose |
104 | point |
104 | orders |
104 | holding |
104 | break |
103 | please |
103 | national |
103 | gold |
103 | aren |
102 | price |
102 | plan |
102 | offer |
102 | green |
102 | choose |
102 | along |
101 | set |
101 | property |
101 | permit |
101 | henry |
101 | broken |
100 | achievement |
99 | quite |
99 | myself |
99 | lines |
99 | important |
99 | engineer |
99 | control |
99 | claim |
98 | knows |
98 | gray |
98 | brother |
97 | turn |
97 | telephone |
97 | shock |
97 | remain |
97 | paper |
97 | mother |
97 | intended |
97 | escape |
97 | either |
97 | concern |
96 | working |
96 | worked |
96 | vision |
96 | talking |
96 | sun |
96 | snapped |
96 | return |
96 | looters |
96 | hung |
96 | far |
96 | duty |
96 | corner |
96 | coming |
95 | government |
95 | edge |
94 | social |
94 | shoulders |
94 | really |
94 | happened |
94 | four |
94 | cars |
93 | necessary |
93 | hundred |
93 | chuckled |
92 | tomorrow |
92 | standard |
92 | somewhere |
92 | shape |
92 | profit |
92 | orren |
92 | interest |
92 | institute |
92 | dead |
92 | brief |
92 | amusement |
92 | alive |
91 | sent |
91 | read |
91 | notice |
91 | mountains |
91 | material |
91 | fighting |
91 | desperate |
90 | friend |
90 | cold |
90 | astonishment |
90 | asking |
89 | quality |
89 | non |
89 | newspapers |
89 | meet |
89 | later |
89 | happen |
89 | freight |
88 | today |
88 | sentence |
88 | produce |
88 | private |
88 | less |
88 | blank |
88 | big |
87 | walls |
87 | vanished |
87 | ready |
87 | outside |
87 | none |
87 | naked |
87 | justice |
87 | hearing |
87 | destruction |
87 | battle |
86 | top |
86 | shall |
86 | practical |
86 | honor |
86 | high |
86 | happiness |
86 | fully |
86 | bring |
86 | beat |
85 | odd |
85 | mines |
85 | leaned |
85 | greater |
85 | change |
84 | willingtd> |
84 | waited |
84 | terms |
84 | struggling |
84 | show |
84 | ought |
84 | goal |
84 | capacity |
83 | ran |
83 | ellis |
83 | anybody |
82 | shook |
82 | seek |
82 | president |
82 | object |
82 | loved |
82 | listen |
82 | front |
82 | family |
82 | attempt |
81 | thank |
81 | taking |
81 | spent |
81 | refuse |
81 | met |
81 | lives |
81 | late |
81 | hurt |
81 | anywhere |
80 | torture |
80 | pride |
80 | having |
80 | cause |
79 | wonder |
79 | strength |
79 | step |
79 | pointed |
79 | particular |
79 | leaving |
79 | greatest |
79 | emergency |
79 | crowd |
78 | thin |
78 | street |
78 | second |
78 | rational |
78 | mrs |
77 | week |
77 | wall |
77 | speaking |
77 | railroads |
77 | middle |
77 | destroy |
77 | close |
77 | buy |
77 | built |
77 | accepted |
76 | supposed |
76 | story |
76 | send |
76 | relief |
76 | production |
76 | problem |
76 | pressed |
76 | lips |
76 | hers |
76 | growing |
76 | expression |
76 | dropped |
76 | chief |
75 | soul |
75 | pull |
75 | ore |
75 | number |
75 | joy |
75 | issue |
75 | explain |
75 | energy |
75 | cost |
75 | broke |
74 | wife |
74 | whispered |
74 | weeks |
74 | terminal |
74 | softly |
74 | silently |
74 | project |
74 | paid |
74 | moments |
74 | maybe |
74 | makes |
74 | lived |
74 | centuries |
74 | blood |
74 | below |
74 | astonished |
73 | worse |
73 | surrender |
73 | remembered |
73 | party |
73 | meeting |
73 | learned |
73 | idea |
73 | chair |
72 | worry |
72 | wire |
72 | shrugged |
72 | seems |
72 | sebastian |
72 | scudder |
72 | scream |
72 | rise |
72 | pulled |
72 | pity |
72 | perhaps |
72 | liked |
72 | girl |
72 | father |
72 | dinner |
72 | coal |
71 | town |
71 | tight |
71 | safe |
71 | plant |
71 | lighted |
71 | industrial |
71 | demand |
71 | danger |
71 | cigarette |
71 | chosen |
70 | watch |
70 | turning |
70 | six |
70 | quiet |
70 | judge |
70 | conscious |
69 | twenty |
69 | thousand |
69 | sorry |
69 | sit |
69 | service |
69 | respect |
69 | judgment |
69 | hint |
69 | gesture |
69 | entered |
69 | danneskjold |
69 | became |
69 | bear |
69 | absolute |
68 | strange |
68 | sounded |
68 | san |
68 | rule |
68 | rails |
68 | lose |
68 | hatred |
68 | forget |
68 | case |
68 | bill |
68 | akston |
67 | violence |
67 | suffering |
67 | streets |
67 | staring |
67 | robert |
67 | protect |
67 | needs |
67 | boys |
66 | workers |
66 | wore |
66 | wind |
66 | support |
66 | structure |
66 | sole |
66 | realize |
66 | proud |
66 | piece |
66 | panic |
66 | laughing |
66 | glow |
66 | faith |
66 | drop |
66 | decision |
66 | afford |
65 | till |
65 | opinion |
65 | lot |
65 | gun |
65 | getting |
65 | figures |
65 | discover |
65 | dangerous |
65 | achieve |
64 | stretched |
64 | someone |
64 | simple |
64 | shot |
64 | responsibility |
64 | mitchum |
64 | fingers |
64 | final |
64 | electric |
64 | dollar |
64 | clothes |
64 | child |
64 | charge |
64 | beside |
63 | worth |
63 | victims |
63 | screamed |
63 | music |
63 | lawson |
63 | large |
63 | inside |
63 | discovered |
63 | blame |
63 | beating |
62 | welfare |
62 | tall |
62 | sounds |
62 | industry |
62 | halley |
62 | gift |
62 | followed |
62 | enjoyment |
62 | directive |
62 | difference |
62 | decide |
62 | children |
62 | bright |
62 | bed |
61 | statement |
61 | rio |
61 | permitted |
61 | hide |
61 | heart |
61 | follow |
61 | field |
61 | fell |
61 | easy |
61 | chalmers |
61 | build |
60 | women |
60 | win |
60 | whenever |
60 | understanding |
60 | triumph |
60 | trade |
60 | threw |
60 | suppose |
60 | society |
60 | shirt |
60 | realized |
60 | muscles |
60 | minutes |
60 | hit |
60 | glad |
60 | certainty |
59 | selfish |
59 | rights |
59 | norte |
59 | listened |
59 | jerked |
59 | guilty |
59 | enemies |
59 | drawn |
58 | wheels |
58 | tunnel |
58 | report |
58 | remnant |
58 | proper |
58 | product |
58 | meigs |
58 | machine |
58 | instead |
58 | group |
58 | granted |
58 | fortune |
58 | food |
58 | favor |
58 | enemy |
58 | believed |
58 | abruptly |
58 | abandoned |
58 | 1 |
57 | twelve |
57 | subject |
57 | share |
57 | seized |
57 | pressure |
57 | minnesota |
57 | ma |
57 | larkin |
57 | intelligence |
57 | despair |
57 | continue |
57 | bertram |
56 | walking |
56 | theirs |
56 | stock |
56 | sitting |
56 | silver |
56 | rock |
56 | produced |
56 | ordered |
56 | mercy |
56 | higher |
56 | dollars |
56 | carried |
56 | belonged |
56 | began |
55 | voices |
55 | thrown |
55 | short |
55 | seize |
55 | market |
55 | laughter |
55 | hidden |
55 | drawing |
55 | damned |
55 | contempt |
55 | coat |
55 | chose |
55 | admiration |
54 | unknown |
54 | stillness |
54 | solemn |
54 | sister |
54 | simply |
54 | rich |
54 | reward |
54 | plea |
54 | picked |
54 | letting |
54 | intend |
54 | hotel |
54 | furnace |
54 | forgotten |
54 | doubt |
53 | violent |
53 | vice |
53 | unification |
53 | tons |
53 | telling |
53 | struck |
53 | shoulder |
53 | serve |
53 | note |
53 | legs |
53 | husband |
53 | check |
53 | century |
53 | attention |
53 | animal |
52 | virtues |
52 | stay |
52 | soft |
52 | pointing |
52 | opened |
52 | morrison |
52 | listening |
52 | ken |
52 | helpless |
52 | forced |
52 | fog |
52 | falling |
52 | discuss |
52 | chick |
52 | casual |
52 | calm |
52 | brain |
52 | bank |
51 | trembling |
51 | traffic |
51 | names |
51 | mystics |
51 | motors |
51 | labor |
51 | iron |
51 | hate |
51 | hanging |
51 | fellow |
51 | earned |
51 | division |
51 | different |
51 | die |
51 | curiosity |
51 | breaking |
51 | bad |
51 | aware |
50 | worn |
50 | water |
50 | taught |
50 | proof |
50 | natural |
50 | nation |
50 | nat |
50 | intensity |
50 | fought |
50 | foot |
50 | fool |
50 | exchange |
50 | confidence |
50 | closer |
50 | burst |